Από πολλούς μελετητές υποστηρίζεται ότι η λεξιλογική γλωσσική ικανότητα των παιδιών σχολικής ηλικίας περιορίζεται και επηρεάζεται από γλωσσικές δεξιότητες και γνωστικούς μηχανισμούς. Επιπλέον, έρευνες έχουν δείξει ότι οι μαθητές με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες έχουν περιορισμένο λεξιλόγιο και αντιμετωπίζουν προβλήματα στην αντίληψη και κατανόηση του λεξιλογίου καθώς και στην παραγωγή του. Σκοπός της εργασίας ήταν η διερεύνηση των δεξιοτήτων που περιορίζουν και επηρεάζουν τη γνώση του λεξιλογίου, στις οποίες έχει φανεί από έρευνες ότι οι μαθητές με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες παρουσιάζουν αδυναμίες και ελλείμματα. Για τον σκοπό αυτό χορηγήθηκαν άτυπες δοκιμασίες σε 89 μαθητές Δημοτικού τετάρτης, πέμπτης και έκτης τάξης, 22 με υψηλή σχολική επίδοση και 67 με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες, με στόχο την αξιολόγηση της γνώσης του λεξιλογίου και τον έλεγχο του βαθμού κατοχής και αφομοίωσής του. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης αναδεικνύουν ότι οι μαθητές των τελευταίων τάξεων του δημοτικού έχουν δυσκολίες στη σύνδεση των εννοιών και των σχέσεων που υπάρχουν μεταξύ των λέξεων και στην επεξεργασία μηνυμάτων σε ένα μη κυριολεκτικό επίπεδο. Επίσης, καταδεικνύουν περιορισμένη λεξιλογική γλωσσική ικανότητα των μαθητών με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες και χαμηλές επιδόσεις σε όλα τα έργα. Με βάση αυτά τα ευρήματα η εργασία διερευνά τις πιθανές νοητικές αιτίες των αστοχιών και τις σχέσεις αυτών των αδυναμιών των μαθητών με αντίστοιχα πεδία γνωσιακών διεργασιών.
(EL)
Many scholars argue that the lexical language ability of school–aged children is limited and influenced by language skills and cognitive mechanisms such as memory, executive control, and attention. In addition, studies have shown that pupils with learning disabilities have limited vocabulary and they have problems in understanding and producing vocabulary. Pupils with learning disabilities don’t have enriched vocabulary and they don’t have the linguistic experience that they should possess. Furthermore, they show a minimum degree of familiarity with words, incomplete comprehension but also a minimum ability to recall words when needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the skills that limit and influence the vocabulary knowledge, of pupils with learning disabilities, who, according to research findings, have weaknesses and deficits. In addition, another aim was to investigate the possible mental causes of failures in the perception, understanding and production of vocabulary and the relation of these pupils’ weaknesses with corresponding fields of cognitive processes. The analysis of the mistakes in the perception, understanding and production of vocabulary of primary school pupils is an important research field that has attracted the interest of many researchers in Greece and abroad. Their course of development has not been clarified, with the research data to date, especially at a semantic and factual level. For this purpose, informal tests were given to 89 pupils of the last three grades of primary school, 22 with high school performance and 67 with learning disabilities, aiming at assessing their vocabulary knowledge and controlling the degree of acquisition and assimilation of their vocabulary. Specifically the research examines the skills that relate to the knowledge of morphological rules, the knowledge of the conceptual content of words within the sentence, the degree of deduction and generalization of concepts, the logical analysis and association of concepts, and the understanding of metaphorical meanings. In addition, the students wrote two texts, one with the help of phrases and the other with the help of images. Then the lexical variation, the editorial complexity and the lexical competence of the students were evaluated. We chose these specific forms of vocabulary evaluation because we considered them to be of a particular scientific interest for the Greek context since few researches have dealt with the perception, understanding and production of vocabulary of pupils of the last grades of primary school. It was assumed that pupils with learning disabilities will express themselves with poor vocabulary and they will show lower level of lexical language ability not using the appropriate language and grammatical structures. Their texts will be short with a limited number of words and sentences and with structural errors. The results of the study show that the pupils of the last grades of primary school have difficulties in associating the concepts and relationships that exist between the words and in understanding metaphorical meanings. It appears that the development of the meaning of words is a complex process, which depends, to a large extent, on the general cognitive development of children. The students with high school performance handle the language adequately and fluently and their vocabulary is richer. On the contrary, the students with learning disabilities show limited lexical language ability and poor performance in all tests. Based on these findings, the study discusses the possible cognitive causes of the failures and the relation of these students’ weaknesses with corresponding fields of cognitive processes. Additionally, it discusses the role of memory, mental capacity and perceptual ability in the acquisition and development of vocabulary.
(EN)
