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      "@value" : "Cutaneous and ocular manifestations reflect the systemic\nnature of the inflammation seen in inflammatory bowel disease\n(IBD). These manifestations occur more commonly in\nassociation with active IBD. Thus, they may respond to therapy\nfor bowel disease, but may require this at an intensity\nout of proportion to that needed for the bowel. Corticosteroids\nare considered to be the first line treatment, whereas\nin cases refractory to steroids or with, the presence of sideeffects,\nimmunosuppressive drugs offer an alternative option.\nRecently, anti-TNF has been proposed as an effective\ntreatment for extraintestinal manifestations of IBD refractory\nto conventional therapies, especially for pyoderma gangrenosum.\nHowever, the optimal form of treatment of extraintestinal\nmanifestations has yet to be established. Cutaneous\nand ocular manifestations are well recognized complications\nof inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and reflect\nthe systemic nature of the inflammation seen in these conditions\n(1). Although the reported prevalence of these complications\nin IBD varies, it is well known that extra-intestinal\nmanifestations occur preferiantally in patients with\ndisease of the colon and they may rarely complicate disease\nconfined to the small bowel. Cutaneous complications\nare reported in 6-15% of Crohn’s disease patients,1-3 and in\n1-9% of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients,4 while acute ocular\ninflammation in up to 10% of Crohn’s and 5% of UC patients.\n1-2 Both cutaneous and ocular complications are said\nto occur more commonly in association with active IBD,\nand often coexist with other extra-intestinal manifestations.5\nErythema nodosum (EN) is the most common form of cutaneous\nmanifestations followed by pyoderma gangrenosum and Sweet’s syndrome. Ocular inflammation of IBD is predominantly\nanterior in contrast to other systemic inflammatory\ndisorders; uveitis, iritis, episcleritis are the commonest\nforms of ocular complications in patients with IBD."
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    "title" : {
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