Μελέτη της αιμοδυναμικής του εγκεφάλου με τη βοήθεια της διακρανιακής doppler υπερηχογραφίας (transcranial doppler ultrasonography - TCD) σε ασθενείς με χρόνια ηπατική νόσο: συσχέτιση με ευρήματα εγκεφαλικής οξυμετρίας και βιοχημικούς δείκτες εγκεφαλικής δυσλειτουργίας: ανοικτή, συγκριτική, μη τυχαιοποιημένη, διαμήκης-διαχρονική και συγχρονική, κλινική μελέτη παρατήρησης

 
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2010 (EL)

Study of cerebral haemodynamics with the application of transcranial doppler ultrasonography - TCD in patients with chronic liver disease
Μελέτη της αιμοδυναμικής του εγκεφάλου με τη βοήθεια της διακρανιακής doppler υπερηχογραφίας (transcranial doppler ultrasonography - TCD) σε ασθενείς με χρόνια ηπατική νόσο: συσχέτιση με ευρήματα εγκεφαλικής οξυμετρίας και βιοχημικούς δείκτες εγκεφαλικής δυσλειτουργίας: ανοικτή, συγκριτική, μη τυχαιοποιημένη, διαμήκης-διαχρονική και συγχρονική, κλινική μελέτη παρατήρησης

Μόκα, Ελένη
Moka, Eleni

BackgroundCerebral haemodynamic and metabolic derangement is well known and common in patients withchronic liver disease or / and cirrhosis. It is often manifested as hepatic encephalopathy, although itscause and pathogenesis are not clearly understood and poorly elucidated. Patients with cirrhosisusually show alterations of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, as well as changes of systemichaemodynamics and are thus prone to develop arterial hypotension, which might result in brainhypoperfusion, if cerebral autoregulation is impaired. Transcranial Doppler and Cerebral Oximetryare non invasive methods of neurological monitoring and are broadly used in the evaluation of theintracranial circulation and cerebral oxygenation status.Study Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this open, comparative, non randomized, cross – sectional and longitudinal,observational clinical study was to evaluate brain haemodynamics in patients with chronic liverdisease and to test the degree of impairment of their cerebral autoregulatory mechanism, by usingTranscranial Doppler Ultrasonography. In addition, one of our basic scopes was to compare theseresults with those from Cerebral Oximetry and correlate them with the levels of blood S100bprotein.Material and MethodsOur study consisted of 40 healthy volunteers (Group I) and 40 patients with chronic liver disease(Group II). From those with chronic hepatic disease, 33 had liver cirrhosis (Group IIa) and 7 justchronic liver disease without cirrhosis (Group IIb). Regarding cerebral haemodynamics the baselineparametres that were examined included cerebral blood flow velocities, Vsyst, Vdias, Vmean,Pulsatility and Resistive Indices (PI &RI), as well as rSO2 values from Cerebral Oximetry. All thesevalues were recorded and studied bilaterally. The evaluation of the cerebral autoregulatorymechanism was performed with the continuous monitoring of mean arterial blood pressure, as wellas of the cerebral blood flow velocities, in the middle cerebral artery, bilaterally, during passivemovements of Trendelenbourg and Reverse Trendelenbourg, at 45ο, sequentially. The cerebralability of altering its perfusion and metabolism status was checked, again bilaterally, with themeasurement of the parametres mentioned above, after 1 min of active and passive movement ofthe right and left elbow and hand, with one movement happening after the other. All themeasurements mentioned above, were also evaluated in the subgroups of cirrhotic patients, with orwithout hepatic encephalopathy, with or without portal hypertension and according to the Child –Pugh stage of the disease. In all the subjects that were tested basic cardiorespiratory parametreswere recorded, at predetermined checking time – points. Finally, blood samples were withdrawnfrom both patients and healthy volunteers for investigation of basic haematological and biochemicalparametres, analysis of arterial blood gases and determination of the S100b protein blood levels.ResultsDuring the cross – sectional phase of our study, the cerebral blood flow velocities were found to belower in patients with chronic liver disease, when compared to healthy volunteers, without anysignificant differences between patients with or without cirrhosis. In addition, regarding TCDvelocities, important deviations were noticed in between cirrhotic patients of various stages, withthe detection of the lowest values in those of Child – Pugh Stage C. Furthermore, we foundstatistically significant differences, bilaterally, in between cirrhotic patients with or without hepaticencephalopathy, but without any strong correlation to its stage. PI and RI were significantly higher inpatients with cirrhosis than in controls and non – cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatic disease.Hepatic Encephalopathy patients were characterized by higher cerebral vascular resistance, compared to cirrhotic patients without any cerebral derangement. Similar results wereextrapolated from the Cerebral Oximetry measurements, with the lowest values of rSO2 beingdetected in patients of Child – Pugh Stage C and in those with hepatic encephalopathy also of Stage3. PI and RI were significantly correlated with the severity of cirrhosis and the existence of hepaticencephalopathy. In addition, they were significantly correlated with blood ammonia levels, PT andserum levels of albumin and bilirubin. Both Vmean and rSO2, as well as PI and RI were stronglycorrelated with S100b blood levels. In subjects with the highest values of S100b, the lowest values ofVmean and rSO2 were measured, whereas the highest PI and RI were calculated.During the longitudinal phase of our study, which refers to the autoregulatory mechanism testing,the following were noticed. Head down or head up provoked an increase or drop in blood pressurerespectively in all the subjects that were examined. Healthy controls and non cirrhotic patients had aprompt recovery of Vmean and a progressive recovery of arterial pressure, so that, after 120 sec,both parametres had returned to baseline. At 20 sec the recovery of flow velocity was faster thanthat of blood pressure. By contrast, patients with cirrhosis had a delayed and incomplete recovery ofboth parametres. The recovery of mean velocity paralleled that of arterial pressure, indicating animpaired cerebral autoregulation. Regarding passive and active movements of elbows and hands,we noticed an ipsilateral and contralateral increase of blood flow velocities and cerebral Oximetryvalues, but without any statistically significant differences between control subjects and chronichepatic patients, or their subgroups.ConclusionsThe results of this cross sectional and longitudinal study indicate that cerebral blood flow velocitiesand cerebral oximetry values are decreased in patients with chronic liver disease, whereas PI and RIare elevated, in strong correlation with the liver failure stage, the cirrhosis stage and the presence ofhepatic encephalopathy. This conclusion becomes more powerful when we take into account thestrong correlation of the measured indices and the levels of S100b protein. Cerebral autoregulationmechanism is often impaired in chronic hepatic patients, especially those with decompensatedcirrhosis. These patients can easily develop cerebral hypoperfusion, if arterial pressure falls abruptly.TCD Ultrasonography and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Cerebral Oximetry) provide real time anduseful indices to assess and monitor cirrhotic patients and subjects with chronic liver failure.

PhD Thesis

Coupling of cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate
Αγγειακές εγκεφαλικές αντιστάσεις
Ενδοκράνια ευενδοτότητα
Ενδοκράνιος πίεση
Συμπαθητικό νευρικό σύστημα
Resistive index
Δείκτης εγκεφαλικής αυτορρύθμισης
Cerebral autoregulation index
Υποδοχείς βενζοδιαζεπινών
Monitoring εγκεφάλου
Chronic hepatitis
Neurone specific enolase
Chronic liver disease
Anaesthetics
Near infared spectroscopy (NIRS)
Κλινική Ιατρική
Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics
Χρόνια ηπατική νόσος
Ρυθμός μεταβολισμού εγκεφάλου
Πρωτεΐνη S100 και S100b
Περιοχικός κορεσμός του εγκεφάλου
Hepatogeneral syndrome
Transient hyperaemic response
Δείκτης παλμικότητας
Intracranial compliance
Εγκεφαλική αυτορρύθμιση
Hepatic encephalopathy
Cerebral haemodynamics
Ιατρική και Επιστήμες Υγείας
Alcoholic kirrhosis
Φασματοσκοπία πλησίον του υπέρυθρου
Blood brain barrier
SPECT
Χρόνια ηπατική ανεπάρκεια
Εγκεφαλική πίεση διήθησης
Διακρανιακή doppler υπερηχογραφία
Μέτρηση εγκεφαλικής αιματικής ροής
Πυλαία υπέρταση
Insonnation angle
INVOS
Benzodiazepine receptors
Αιμοδυναμική εγκεφάλου
Αναισθησία
Chronic hepatic disease
Σχέση σύζευξης αιματικής εγκεφαλικής ροής και ρυθμός μεταβολισμού εγκεφάλου
Εγκεφαλική οξυμετρία
Pulsatility index
Cerebral autoregulation curve
Μέση εγκεφαλική αρτηρία
Cerebral blood flow velocities
Medical and Health Sciences
Intracranial volume
Middle cerebral artery
Ταχύτητα αιματικής εγκεφαλικής ροής
Intracranial pressure
Biochemical markers of cerebral dysfunction
Protein S100 and S100b
Κίρρωση
Δείκτης αντίστασης
Brain pathophysiology
Cerebral autoregulation testing
Cerebral monitoring
Ταξινόμηση κατά Child-Pugh
Portal hypertension
Έλεγχος εγκεφαλικής αυτορρύθμισης
Αμμωνία
Καμπύλη εγκεφαλικής αυτορρύθμισης
Portal-systemic encephalopathy
Cerebral metabolic rate
Cerebral autoregulation
EEG
Παθοφυσιολογία εγκεφάλου
Πυλαιοσυστηματική εγκεφαλοπάθεια
Cirrhosis
Clinical Medicine
Γωνία εκπομπής
Ειδική νευρωνική ενολάση
Cerebral vascular resistance
GABA
Chronic liver failure
Ascites
Child-Pugh staging
Cerebral perfusion pressure
Ηπατική εγκεφαλοπάθεια
Cerebral metabolism
Alcoholic hepatitis
Αλκοολική ηπατίτιδα
Ηπατονεφρικό σύνδρομο
Χρόνια ηπατίτιδα
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood flow measurement
Ενδοκράνιος όγκος
Εγκεφαλική αιματική ροή
Transcranial doppler ultrasonography (TCD)
Παροδική υπεραιμική αντίδραση
Cerebral oximetry
Αιματοεγκεφαλικός φραγμός
Ασκίτης
Βιοχημικοί δείκτες εγκεφαλικής δυσλειτουργίας
Δυναμική εγκεφαλονωτιαίου υγρού
Sympathetic nervous system
Regional cerebral saturation
Ammonia
Μεταβολισμός εγκεφάλου
Αλκοολική κίρρωση
PET


Ελληνική γλώσσα

2010


National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών (ΕΚΠΑ)




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